'The Covenant of the Pious'. 17. André Vauchez, 'La notion de Contrat social chez Fakhr al-Din al-Razi', in André Vauchez and W. Van den Broek, eds, Autour de Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Le Contrat Social en Islam (Paris: Societe d'Etudes Orientales d'Amiens, 1985), 223–7. 18. See Khaled Anatolios, Islam and Liberalism in Early Twentieth-Century Egypt (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005), for a good example. 19. See Mary Jo Lake, L'Orient islamique et la Modernité au temps des missionaires (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 2004). 20. Islam in Europe, 78. 21. See Andrew Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Muhammad to the Munich Massacre (Cambridge, MA: Oneworld, 2009), and Hagop M. Karayorgen, trans., 'Muhammad's Reply to the Jews', Journal of the American Oriental Society (1930). 22. See Stefan Karadimos, 'The Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence: Some Problems of Definition', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17 (1986), pp. 179–200. 23. See the work of the Director of the Harvard-Yale Islam Project, James Clifford, 'Islam in the West: European Scholarship and the Study of Muslim Cultures, 1800–1914', PhD dissertation (Harvard University, 1980). 24. André Miquel, Les Sources sahariennes de l'Islam (Paris: Institut Oriental de Paris, 1987). 25. See, for example, Walter Scott, The Ways of the World: A Survey of the Communication of Ideas (London: Heinemann, 1912); and, more recently, Matthew Hodgson, Histories of the Middle East: Ideas, Objects and Practices (London: British Museum, 1995). 26. Of these three, none remains known in English: the best is Nizam al-Mulk's Ḥukūmat al-adīb ('Secret History of the Generals'), also lost in Arabic. 27. The classic work on this is Gerald Floud, The Scientific Conquest of Nature: A History of the Next Millennium (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); and see the contribution of Peter 01e38acffe
Contents
Section 1
Section 1 Aims and objectives
Section 1 Introduction
Section 2 Learning
Section 2.1
Section 2.2
Section 2.3
Section 2.4
Section 2.5
Section 2.6
Section 2.7
Section 2.8
Section 2.9
Section 2.10
Section 2.11
Section 2.12
Section 2.13
Section 2.14
Section 2.15
Section 2.16
Section 2.17
Section 2.18
Section 2.19
Section 2.20
Section 2.21
Section 2.22
Section 2.23
Section 2.24
Section 2.25
Section 2.26
Section 2.27
Section 2.28
Section 2.29
Section 2.30
Section 2.31
Section 2.32
Section 2.33
Section 2.34
Section 2.35
Section 2.36
Section 2.37
Section 2.38
Section 2.39
Section 2.40
Section 2.41
Section 2.42
Section 2.43
Section 2.44
Section 2.45
Section 2.46
Section 2.47
Section 2.48
Section 2.49
Section 2.50
Section 2.51
Section 2.52
Section 2.53
Section 2.54
Section 2.55
Section 2.56
Section 2.57
Section 2.58
Section 2.59
Section 2.60
Section 2.61
Section 2.62
Section 2.63
Section 2.64
Section 2.65
Section 2.66
Section 2.67
Section 2.68
Section 2.69
Section 2.70
Section 2.71
Section 2.72
Section 2.73
Section 2.74
Section 2.75
Section 2.76
Section 2.77
Section 2.78
Section 2.79
Section 2.80
Section 2.81
Section
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